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- <text id=93CT1709>
- <title>
- Guinea-Bissau--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Guinea-Bissau
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The rivers of Guinea and the islands of Cape Verde were one
- of the first areas in Africa explored by the Portuguese in the
- 15th century. Portugal claimed Portuguese Guinea in 1446.
- Settling on the rivers and coasts of the Cape Verde Archipelago,
- the Portuguese were granted trading rights in 1462; however,
- few trading posts appear to have been established before 1600.
- In 1630, a "captaincy-general" of Portuguese Guinea was
- established to administer the territory. With the assistance of
- local tribes, the Portuguese entered the slave trade, exporting
- large numbers of Africans to the New World via Cape Verde.
- Cacheu became one of the major slave centers, and a small fort
- still stands in the town. The slave trade declined in the 19th
- century, and Bissau, originally founded as a fort in 1765,
- became the major commercial center.
- </p>
- <p> Portuguese conquest and consolidation of the interior did
- not begin until the late 19th century. With French and English
- encroachment, the Portuguese lost part of Guinea to French West
- Africa (including the center of earlier Portuguese commercial
- interest, the Casamance River region). An earlier dispute with
- Great Britain over the island of Bolama had been settled in
- Portugal, favor by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.
- </p>
- <p> Before World War I, Portuguese forces under Maj. Teixeira
- Pinto, with assistance from the Muslim population, subdued
- animist tribes and eventually cordoned off the entire country.
- The interior of Portuguese Guinea was brought under control
- after more than 30 years of fighting; final subjugation of the
- Bijagos Islands did not occur until 1936. In 1952, by
- constitutional amendment, the colony of Portuguese Guinea became
- an overseas province of Portugal.
- </p>
- <p> In 1956, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea
- and Cape Verde (PAIGC) was organized clandestinely by Amilcar
- Cabral and Raphael Barbosa. The PAIGC moved its headquarters to
- Conakry in 1960 and started an armed rebellion in 1961.
- </p>
- <p> Despite the presence of more than 30,000 Portuguese troops,
- the PAIGC exercised influence over much of the country by 1972.
- It established civilian rule in the territory that it
- controlled and held elections for a National Assembly. The
- Portuguese were increasingly confined to their garrisons and
- larger towns. Cabral was assassinated in 1973, and party
- leadership fell to Aristides Pereira, the current president of
- the Republic of Cape Verde. The PAlGC National Assembly declared
- the independence of Guinea Bissau on September 24, 1973.
- Portugal granted de jure independence on September 10, 1974,
- when the United States recognized the new nation. Luis Cabral,
- Amilcar's half-brother, became president of Guinea-Bissau and
- Cape Verde. In 1980, after Cabral's government was overthrown
- in a relatively bloodless coup, Cape Verde established its
- independence from Guinea-Bissau and formed an independent branch
- of the PAIGC.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Guinea-Bissau is a one-party state. Until May 1984, power
- was held by a provisional government responsible to a
- Revolutionary Council headed by President Brig. Gen. Joao
- Bernardo Vieira.
- </p>
- <p> The Revolutionary Council was dissolved, and the 150-member
- National Popular Assembly was reconstituted. The assembly
- approved a new constitution, elected President Vieira to a new
- 5-year term, and elected a Council of State which is the
- executive agent of the National Popular Assembly. President
- Vieira presides over the council and represents the nation
- abroad. The president also is Secretary General of the PAIGC
- and commander in chief of the armed forces.
- </p>
- <p> In November 1985, a coup plot was discovered. Following a
- lengthy trial, first vice president Paulo Correia and a number
- of other government, party, and army officials were convicted
- of treason. The six ringleaders were sentenced to death, and
- others were given long prison terms. Bissau currently is
- peaceful, and the government appears to enjoy the general
- support of the population.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- February 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-